Apple has begun letting its iPhones carry out contact-tracing without the need for users to download an official Covid-19 app.
As an alternative, owners are being invited to opt in to a scheme called Exposure Notifications Express (ENE).
This keeps a 14-day log of other phones detected via Bluetooth and serves an alert if one or more of their users is later diagnosed to have the virus.
The local public health authority will determine what the notification says.
It might tell the user to download a more fully functional app for further guidance.
However, it also gives officials the option of not developing an app of their own, in which case the user could be directed to go to a testing centre or to call a hotline for more information.
IPhone owners who become ill without having received a warning message can still cause a cascade of alerts to be sent to others. But since they will not have an app to start the process, this will be done by tapping on a text message sent by the public health authority to their smartphone after a positive diagnosis.
The facility is being rolled out as part of the latest update to Apple's mobile operating system, iOS 13.7, which has just been released.
Lower costs
Users can opt into ENE via a new Exposure Notifications option within the iPhone's main Settings menu.
However, since it depends on health chiefs providing the criteria for which alerts should be generated - including how close two people need to have been together and for how long - it will not function without their involvement.
Until officials decide whether or not to support the initiative, users are being prompted to download a local app if one exists as an alternative or being told "exposure notifications have not been turned on your public health authority".
To date, more than 20 countries, provinces and other geographical regions have released apps based on Apple and Google's contact-tracing framework. They include:
- Republic of Ireland
- Northern Ireland
- Germany
- Switzerland
- Japan
- Saudi Arabia
- Gibraltar
England's NHS Test and Trace service is currently trialling an app based on the tech giants' API (application programming interface) too. And Scotland plans to release a product of its own later this month, based on the Republic of Ireland's.
However, only six of 57 US States and territories have currently adopted the technology. The launch of ENE may encourage more to do so as it can save development time and maintenance costs.
Whichever way Apple and Google's "decentralised" model is deployed, the authorities do not get to see which or how many users have received an alert.
Likewise, users do not get to see who it was that caused them to be served a notification.
In addition, users can back out of the new initiative at any time via a toggle in their settings menu.